A model of the fort as it appeared during the War of 1812.
I think theater is one of the most under-utilized history teaching tools available to teachers. That’s why I got so excited about the performances covered by the Baltimore Sun, linked above. Students from the Baltimore School for the Arts wrote and performed “Fighting for Freedom” about the War of 1812:
The cast and crew, all sophomores at the Mount Vernon school, researched the archives at the Maryland Historical Society for insights into the war that many call the nation’s second struggle for independence. They visited the fort several times and drew characters from ordinary people, rather than from the few made famous by the war.
~ Mary Gail Hare, “Student drama brings War of 1812 home,” The Baltimore Sun
The effort of developing a character based on a historical person, requires research into the primary sources available for that person. It requires leaving behind one’s own world and trying to access the strangeness and differences of another culture. While local Marylanders may be well-acquainted with life by the Chesapeake Bay, the world of Maryland during the War of 1812 is still a foreign land, beholden to rules of a different era and expectations that have been left behind in a pre-Civil War/pre-Civil Rights, pre-WWI/pre-WWII America.
Their research unearthed one Maryland militiaman’s letters home, accounts that inspired one of the scenes. Alexandra Morrell, clad in a floral dress that designer Erin Beuglass had created from a curtain, read her husband’s letters to their daughter as their enslaved servant girl shared their concerns. Students developed a love story subplot between the servant and the household’s enslaved wagoner. The scene ended with the young man pleading with the girl to run away.
“It will be hard for her to leave the family, but I think she will run off with her man to freedom,” said T’Pre Mayer, who portrayed both the girl’s hesitation and her love.
Lance Strickland, who played her suitor, said, “The war affected everybody, not just the people in history books, but even the slaves.”
~ Ibid.
The conflict of 1812, is also a different type of conflict, in many ways, than what we have become accustomed to in the modern U.S. The War of 1812 is the only war visited upon the United States, and outside of Pearl Harbor and 9/11, the only time the United States suffer attacks among the states, themselves. One has only the Civil War and the colonial wars (and the Indian wars) to turn to for a similar sense of foreign aggressors in and among American homes, cities, and waterways.
This sort of production helps to introduce a narrative that is an authentic representation of that foreign world. As NPS Ranger Vince Vaise is quoted saying in “the show fills in historical gaps with credible fiction. ‘These kids are telling untold and more inclusive stories,” he said. “They show what average people were talking about in the Fells Point coffeehouses. They really have blown the dust off the history books. The school, the fort and the historical society give us a real powerhouse of history right here.'” Emphasizing the other side of this project that I so admire: collaboration. The archives are here, and the students and teacher put them to innovative and productive use! (Extra props for using the name of the blog, Ranger Vaise!)
Such insights fulfilled instructors’ expectations for the project, said Norah Worthington, a costume design teacher, who wrote a pirate scene and worked with the 24 sophomores involved in the production.
“They put together a picture of what those of that era faced,” she said. “They focused on everyday people, not the famous, and showed how events affected them. The stories make the war personal.”
The drama helped the teenagers understand the local significance, too, she said.
“The scenes played out on streets these students walk every day,” Worthington said.
One scene focuses on the riots that broke out on city streets. Again, the students presented a new perspective — that of an assertive woman. Calla Fuqua played the normally docile wife of a shipping merchant, prompted by the war to disagree publicly with her husband. Their encounter occurred on Charles Street, where she finds him safe after a night of rioting.
“The war was about freedom of speech, bringing Canada into the union and impressing American sailors,” she said. “I think even the women had to speak up.”
~ Ibid.
This is a new day for these students, many of whom may have had no interest in history before the project who have now experienced it on multiple levels: 1) they have experienced researching history–just as historians do–with primary sources; and 2) they have created an experience of the historical era through their performance, introducing themselves and viewers to the people of a foreign time in our community’s history; introducing them to the concerns about conflict; introducing them to the mores of a society that continued to grapple with slavery, a young government, and other problems that we sometimes struggle to relate to otherwise.
We should be doing more of this sort of learning. Take the talents that students have or are eager to develop and make use of them in education.
I wrote previously about witnessing history when my daughter and I went down to the National Mall to see the final flight of the Space Shuttle Discovery and then went down to the Udvar-Hazy Annex of the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum to see it touch noses with the Enterprise before being installed permanently. NASA was out in full force for installation ceremony along with many former astronauts. It is bittersweet to see the shuttle era end, but well worth reviewing some of the highlights of the program’s history.
1981 – A new space era dawns
In 1981, the Space Shuttle era began, retiring the Apollo model of space exploration. Instead of one-time use, the new Space Shuttles, beginning with the Space Shuttle Columbia, would take off, land just as many of the experimental X-vehicles had done, and then be ready for relaunch–the iconic image of the shuttle attached to two rocket boosters and one enormous fuel tank. It was perfectly designed for in-orbit missions and working with the International Space Station.
Once it concluded its mission, the pilots would set the coordinates for unpowered landing–in other words, it became like a 100-ton glider aimed at dried lakebed at Edwards, California. Once landed, the engines would be removed and shipped back to Cape Canaveral, while the shuttle would be lifted onto the modified 747 that would fly it home (just like it is seen in the video above). NASA teams would go over the shuttle to confirm that nothing was amiss after the stresses of takeoff, mission completion, and re-entry, in preparation for the next launch. This is why the Space Shuttle was different.
1980s – Challenges
In light of miscalculations on the cost of the shuttle, launch, return, refurbishment, and reuse, NASA pushed itself, setting records that still stand today, by launching 9 missions in 1985. The second launch of 1986 was that of the Challenger. The margin for error is practically non-existent in launching a Space Shuttle, and that Challenger launch was sadly flawed.
Up to this point, there had been 24 successful missions flown by Space Shuttles Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, and Atlantis that launched communications satellites, Spacelabs, mammals, foreign crew members, and whose flight time lasted as little as 2 days, 6 hours, and 13 minutes (2nd launch, Columbia, 11/12/81, Joe H. Engle and Richard H. Truly) to as long as 10 days, 7 hours, and 47 minutes (9th launch, Columbia, 11/28/83, John W. Young, Brewster H. Shaw, Owen K. Garriott, Robert A. R. Parker, Byron K. Lichtenberg, Ulf Merbold, West German–1st non-U.S. astronaut). This time, however, with American History teacher and the primary candidate for the NASA Teacher in Space Program, Christa McAuliffe on board, the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded 73 seconds after take-off. Across the country, American school students were watching in their classrooms. None of the crew survived.
SEQUENCE OF MAJOR EVENTS OF THE CHALLENGER ACCIDENT
Mission Time Elapsed
(GMT, in hr:min:sec) Event Time (secs.) Source
16:37:53.444 ME-3 Ignition Command -6.566 GPC
37:53.564 ME-2 Ignition Command -6.446 GPC
37:53.684 ME-1 Ignition Command -6.326 GPC
38:00.010 SRM Ignition Command (T=0) 0.000 GPC
38:00.018 Holddown Post 2 PIC firing 0.008 E8 Camera
38:00.260 First Continuous Vertical Motion 0.250 E9 Camera
38:00.688 Confirmed smoke above field joint
on RH SRM 0.678 E60 Camera
38:00.846 Eight puffs of smoke (from 0.836
thru 2.500 sec MET) 0.836 E63 Camera
38:02.743 Last positive evidence of smoke
above right aft SRB/ET attach ring 2.733 CZR-1 Camera
38:03.385 Last positive visual indication
of smoke 3.375 E60 Camera
38:04.349 SSME 104% Command 4.339 E41M2076D
38:05.684 RH SRM pressure 11.8 psi above
nominal 5.674 B47P2302C
38:07.734 Roll maneuver initiated 7.724 V90R5301C
38:19.869 SSME 94% Command 19.859 E41M2076D
38:21.134 Roll maneuver completed 21.124 VP0R5301C
38:35.389 SSME 65% Command 35.379 E41M2076D
38:37.000 Roll and Yaw Attitude Response to
Wind (36.990 to 62.990 sec) 36.990 V95H352nC
38:51.870 SSME 104% Command 51.860 E41M2076D
38:58.798 First evidence of flame on RH SRM 58.788 E207 Camera
38:59.010 Reconstructed Max Q (720 psf) 59.000 BET
38:59.272 Continuous well defined plume
on RH SRM 59.262 E207 Camera
38:59.763 Flame from RH SRM in +Z direction
(seen from south side of vehicle) 59.753 E204 Camera
39:00.014 SRM pressure divergence (RH vs. LH) 60.004 B47P2302
39:00.248 First evidence of plume deflection,
intermittent 60.238 E207 Camera
39:00.258 First evidence of SRB plume
attaching to ET ring frame 60.248 E203 Camera
39:00.998 First evidence of plume deflection,
continuous 60.988 E207 Camera
39:01.734 Peak roll rate response to wind 61.724 V90R5301C
39:02.094 Peak TVC response to wind 62.084 B58H1150C
39:02.414 Peak yaw response to wind 62.404 V90R5341C
39:02.494 RH outboard elevon actuator hinge
moment spike 62.484 V58P0966C
39:03.934 RH outboard elevon actuator delta
pressure change 63.924 V58P0966C
39:03.974 Start of planned pitch rate
maneuver 63.964 V90R5321C
39:04.670 Change in anomalous plume shape
(LH2 tank leak near 2058 ring
frame) 64.660 E204 Camera
39:04.715 Bright sustained glow on sides
of ET 64.705 E204 Camera
39:04.947 Start SSME gimbal angle large
pitch variations 64.937 V58H1100A
39:05.174 Beginning of transient motion due
to changes in aero forces due to
plume 65.164 V90R5321C
39:06.774 Start ET LH2 ullage pressure
deviations 66.764 T41P1700C
39:12.214 Start divergent yaw rates
(RH vs. LH SRB) 72.204 V90R2528C
39:12.294 Start divergent pitch rates
(RH vs. LH SRB) 72.284 V90R2525C
39:12.488 SRB major high-rate actuator
command 72.478 V79H2111A
39:12.507 SSME roll gimball rates 5 deg/sec 72.497 V58H1100A
39:12.535 Vehicle max +Y lateral
acceleration (+.227 g) 72.525 V98A1581C
39:12.574 SRB major high-rate actuator
motion 72.564 B58H1151C
39:12.574 Start of H2 tank pressure decrease
with 2 flow control valves open 72.564 T41P1700C
39:12.634 Last state vector downlinked 72.624 Data reduction
39:12.974 Start of sharp MPS LOX inlet
pressure drop 72.964 V41P1330C
39:13.020 Last full computer frame of TDRS
data 73.010 Data reduction
39:13.054 Start of sharp MPS LH2 inlet
pressure drop 73.044 V41P1100C
39:13.055 Vehicle max -Y lateral
accelerarion (-.254 g) 73.045 V98A1581C
39:13.134 Circumferential white pattern on
ET aft dome (LH2 tank failure) 73.124 E204 Camera
39:13.134 RH SRM pressure 19 psi lower
than LH SRM 73.124 B47P2302C
39:13.147 First hint of vapor at intertank E207 Camera
39:13.153 All engine systems start responding
to loss of fuel and LOX inlet
pressure 73.143 SSME team
39:13.172 Sudden cloud a long ET between
intertank and aft dome 73.162 E207 Camera
39:13.201 Flash between Orbiter & LH2 tank 73.191 E204 Camera
39:13.221 SSME telemetry data interference
from 73.211 to 73.303 73.211
39:13.223 Flash near SRB fwd attach and
brightening of flash between
Orbiter and ET 73.213 E204 Camera
39:13.292 First indication intense white
flash at SRB fwd attach point 73.282 E204 Camera
39:13.337 Greatly increased intensity of
white flash 73.327 E204 Camera
39:13.387 Start RCS jet chamber pressure
fluctuations 73.377 V42P1552A
39:13.393 All engines approaching HPFT
discharge temp redline limits 73.383 E41Tn010D
39:13.492 ME-2 HPFT disch. temp Chan. A vote
for shutdown; 2 strikes on Chan. B 73.482 MEC data
39:13.492 ME-2 controller last time word
update 73.482 MEC data
39:13.513 ME-3 in shutdown due to HPFT discharge
temperature redline exceedance 73.503 MEC data
39:13.513 ME-3 controller last time word
update 73.503 MEC data
39:13.533 ME-1 in shutdown due to HPFT discharge
temperature redline exceedance 73.523 Calculation
39:13.553 ME-1 last telemetered data point 73.543 Calculation
39:13.628 Last validated Orbiter telemetry
measurement 73.618 V46P0120A
39:13.641 End of last reconstructured data
frame with valid synchronization
and frame count 73.631 Data reduction
39:14.140 Last radio frequency signal from
Orbiter 74.130 Data reduction
39:14.597 Bright flash in vicinity of Orbiter
nose 74.587 E204 Camera
39:16.447 RH SRB nose cap sep/chute
deployment 76.437 E207 Camera
39:50.260 RH SRB RSS destruct 110.250 E202 Camera
39:50.262 LH SRB RSS destruct 110.252 E230 Camera
~ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/51-l/docs/events.txt
The destruction put the program on hold for 32 months while the accident was investigated and NASA spent time reflecting on how to better protect its people. On September 29, 1988, the Discovery returned to the launch pad and space. The following year, Atlantis, would launch the Venus orbiter Magellan from its orbit around the Earth, and on a subsequent mission, the Jupiter probe and orbiter, Galileo.
1990s – A decade for science exploration
On April 24, 1990, the third shuttle mission of the new decade, Discovery launched the Hubble Space Telescope, then would later launch the Ulysses spacecraft to investigate interstellar space and the Sun. This initiated a number of research craft for NASA (this does not include all experiments, merely the deployment of research equipment):
Gamma Ray Observatory (Atlantis, 4/5/91, 39th STS flight)
Spacelab Life Sciences (Columbia, 6/5/91, 41st STS flight)
Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (Discovery, 9/12/91, 43rd STS flight)
International Microgravity Laboratory-1 (Discovery, 1/22/92, 45th STS flight)
Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science, ATLAS-1 (Atlantis, 3/24/92, 46th STS flight)
U.S. Microgravity Laboratory-1 (Columbia, 6/25/92, 48th STS flight)
The highlights arguably being the International Space Station and the Mir Space Station, from 1995 – to the present. By the close of the decade, December 19, 1999, the program had reached 96 missions.
"Mosaic of Journey" by 7th grader Grace Chandler, from Woodbury MN (photographed at the installation ceremony)
2000s – 100 and beyond
The 100th mission, flown by Discovery on October 11, 2000, delivered the first piece of the backbone structure of the ISS. Going into the 21st Century, the Space Shuttle underwent a series of improvements for safety and function, streamlining weight and processes. Despite this, on February 1, 2003, Space Shuttle Columbia re-entered in the Earth’s atmosphere, following a 17-day science mission, and exploded over the lower half of the United States.
That morning I was standing next to the runway [at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida] with [NASA Administrator] Sean O’Keefe. We were right next to the bleachers with the families, waiting for Columbia to come home. We were all watching the countdown clock. We didn’t have access to TV. The clock was getting down to where I expected we’d have radar lock-on, tracking cameras, all those kinds of things being announced. The only thing I’m hearing is comm[unications] checks over the voice loop. Then we get five minutes prior to touchdown, and no sigh of them nothing. They’re still doing comm checks. At that point I went back to the car and got my contingency folder that I carry with me everywhere, and I said to Sean, “I think something really bad has happened. They’re certainly not landing here.”
Shortly thereafter the phones started ringing, with reports that debris had been sighted over east Texas. So we collected up the families and took them to the crew quarters, and got them comfortable. We started working on what we thought might be a search-and-rescue plan, but it soon became apparent that it was a search-and-recovery.
~William Readdy, Space Shuttle, 1981-2011, Air & Space Smithsonian
The Space Shuttle program would continue after another pause, investigation, and reflection until 2005. The ship that launched the Space Shuttle program into orbit in 1981, was lost along with its crew of seven.
By this time, Discovery had already surpassed Columbia in missions, making it the most traveled relic of the Space Shuttle era.
2010-2011 – Final descent into history
There would be six final missions, with the Shuttles Endeavor, Discovery and Atlantis would each fly a final two missions.
Number of missions:
Discovery —– 39
Atlantis ——– 33
Columbia —— 28*
Endeavor —— 25
Challenger —– 10*
* includes ill-fated final mission
~ Ibid.
Today, the Discovery has replaced the Enterprise, which never flew in space but was used to test the Shuttle’s atmospheric flight, at the Udvar-Hazy Annex of the Smithsonian’s Air and Space Museum. When it flew into the DC area, we caught above footage in front of the Capitol. Below are photos from the installation ceremony, before Enterprise was finally able to get up to New York, NY after several weather delays.
Welcome Space Shuttle DISCOVERY!
Space-voyager DISCOVERY approaches the experimental ENTERPRISE
Touching noses!
ORION: The future of NASA's manned Space Exploration?
The Space Shuttle program was cleared for takeoff in the same year I surprised my parents and was born. I have a close attachment to the shuttles, having been an aerospace geek for most of my life. I was one of the many, many school children who witnessed the Challenger explosion. I spent years visiting the Smithsonian’s Air and Space Museum. I fell in love with Space Race history. I joined the Civil Air Patrol. I did my science project in 10th grade on the emerging aerospace programs–many of which have been scuttled in the demise of NASA’s man-in-space program.
I have hard time with this new reality. It is probably a good thing, as robotics are cheaper and, at this time, more practical than deep space exploration expeditions. With the potential of privatization, perhaps more opportunities will, in fact, develop. Still, I miss it already. We could never afford to send me to Space Camp, and now I wonder what is left for that program. Does it still serve a purpose? (Yes, but it moves away from the potential of piloting and weightlessness to robotics.) My memories of the Kennedy Space Center are suddenly very precious to me.
So, leaving aside my sadness at the passing of an era and the twilight of many dreams, I asked my 13 year old daughter if she wanted to see it in person. We were already planning to attend the delivery and installation at the Air and Space annex, the Udvar-Hazy facility near Dulles Airport, but did she want to see its final flight? I was prepared to be answered in the negative, but she grasped that this was history unfolding before her eyes, and signed on to take the trip down to DC.
It had been my plan to watch the shuttle from Gravelly Point, VA, along the Mount Vernon bike trail. As the Shuttle Discovery was flown in on the back of NASA’s specially rigged 747 without an obstacle or bad weather to slow her, we were crawling along the Washington-Baltimore Parkway (295) in halting stages. The CBS radio news network kept updating us and our exit to get to 395 was jammed up just as reports were coming that the shuttle was approaching Capitol Hill and the National Mall. I aborted the mission to Gravelly Point and redirected us to the National Mall. Coming along Pennsylvania Avenue, SW, we saw the shuttle skim the tree tops in the distance. I struggled to restrain myself knowing that DC has added traffic cameras, but was rewarded by getting the kid to the reflecting pool in front of the Capitol with the camera while sought parking.
Once I parked, I scurried off to go find Xanthia and Discovery. I found both! The shuttle buzzed the Capitol 5 times! We were on the Hill for 4 of those! We were surrounded by fellow gawkers staring up, snapping pictures and filming Discovery, piggy-back-riding the 747, with a solitary F-16 Fighting Falcon in escort.
It was an incredibly rewarding experience. I embraced my child-like joy in the moment of watching shuttle fly over the Lincoln Memorial and the Capitol. The excitement of the moment overwhelmed the disappointment of the program’s final flight.
Some shots of Discovery's final flight, taken from the Capitol's reflecting pool
Note: My daughter and I will be going to the Udvar-Hazy for the final installation and I will do a more in-depth blog on NASA’s Space Shuttle program at that time. (Maybe even a Vlog!) The better footage will also be featured then. Above is the cell phone footage I took as I rushed from my parking space alongside the East Wing of the National Gallery of Art to the reflecting pool–where I sincerely hoped no one decided to abduct my kid during the oohing and ahhing. Fortunately, Xan got some great footage of the shuttle and I will use that once I have edited it and posted it to YouTube.
100 Years Later Ways to Teach About the Titanic With The Times - NYTimes.com
So, the Titanic has sailed back onto our horizons, for at least a little while. The link above will take you to the New York Times education page. On it, you will find links to primary sources from the Titanic’s sinking, including articles from the paper’s archives. There are a variety of suggestions, such as: making scrapbooks or mock Facebook pages (try MyFakeWall.com) which are neat ideas–easily incorporated into an existing history program or as a stand alone activity. And, this brings up an important decision for history teachers wanting to do something with the Titanic.
What are you doing with the Titanic: Is it an opportunity to take advantage of history being covered in the news, or does it work well with what you are covering in your class already, or is it something that you simply feel compelled to cover, or is it a means to actually cover current events? Another relevant question: Are you going to simply do a fact-finding project, a history project driven by a particular question, or a project that evaluates other disciplines either in an isolated way or in a multi-disciplined approach, such as science, engineering, or sea-exploration?
I always consider the anniversaries of particular events as interesting opportunities in teaching history, but they are also potentially awkward prospects that could unsettle the flow of the class if they do not fit in logically. Sometimes there is no real way to introduce these moments without a natural gap, such as in-class activities just before a major test or due date while students are working on tasks at home, or immediately after such a date when students are a bit exhausted.
Of course, if you are already discussing the era, then so much the better. This is a great opportunity to evaluate Edwardian issues of class, the lingering perception of invincibility for imperialists and innovators of industry, the era’s perceptions of gender, an evaluation of the early 20th century’s media and connection with perceptions of disaster, or a more general consideration of communication developments in the age.
One of the resource links from the NY Times article: RMS Titanic Victims of the Titanic Disaster
If you are going to utilize the Titanic tragedy in class, do it with a purpose. Be cognizant of the event’s social and cultural cache. It may be the perfect moment to capture and wow students with a degree of interest that is sometimes hard to achieve in history classes. Try assigning each student a person through the stories, wooing them into the drama of the past. Provide them with multi-media sources to explore the moments they are reading about.
If your student, Tommy, reads about a young lady who gushed over dancing in the ballroom and seeing the view from her balcony, and then let him explore the underwater scene of the ballroom, today, there is a real opportunity to draw him into an experience he may have never had before.
If your student, Natalie, follows the excitement and worries of a family who put everything into this trip to immigrate to America and their struggles to keep the family together during the tragedy, complete with subsequent census records for the family after the survivors made it to the States, she may develop an interest in the nitty-gritty she never knew she was capable of sharing.
If your student, Devon, takes a look at one of the socialites who is in the newspapers leading up to the voyage and then considers his or her experience during the voyage and its disaster, they will get a personal “in” and learn a little bit about class status in the era.
This is a potential trigger moment, that can really open the world of the past in a way that other events often do not, especially for older students who are more likely to know something about the Titanic.
The BBC has interviews with survivors–great primary sources, but don’t forget the effect of history and time impacting the memory of those interviewed.
These images (from the Telegraph) will not translate well for an American audience. The appearance of the hooded penitents will conjure a direct association to the KKK for most of us. It is, however, an inaccurate association, despite how readily we will all make it.
The photographs are a perfect illustration of how much we depend on history in making sense of what we see in foreign encounters, cultures and texts. How difficult is it to make sense of things that are foreign to us? Do we immediately jump to snap judgments or do we look for sources and background on what we are seeing? History teaches us the skill.
A knowledge of history will also provide a logical intervention preventing snap errors in our judgment.
I am pleased to announce that the April issue of Chesapeake Family Magazine is out! In it is my article “Digging into Maryland’s Past,” featuring opportunities in Maryland to get families into history by getting their hands dirty. There are multiple programs in the area for kids and families to give archaeology a try and get to know a little bit more about the local and regional history. (Talk about experiential learning!)
Check it out! The magazines are located at numerous sites where families typically go: libraries, ice rinks, youth centers, waiting rooms, grocery stores, etc. Lots of great family stuff inside–including my article! (Archived issues are available on the website in .PDF format. Visit http://www.chesapeakefamily.com/.)
This article (linked above) was posted online at the Chesapeake Family Magazine’s website. It covers the cultural “musts” for the children raised in the region. This includes recreation, history, cuisine, and more. We should all make such a list–maybe even more detailed–about our regions and states! It’s a great help for transplants like my family, and also a point of pride for locals (although, I stray at the bottom when they start talking about sports teams, somethings are irreplaceable).
I would love to see your guides to raising residents of your state, city or region! E-mail me (FranzFreelancing@gmail.com) 100-250 word guide about the food, places, history and experiences that are must for the place you know and love best! Bloggers, home-schoolers and student submissions welcome!! I will post them on the blog. See the directions below:
Put “How to Raise a ___” (using your state, region or city in the blank) into the subject heading.
Type or copy and paste your submission into the e-mail body with any pictures. DO NOT ATTACH ANYTHING TO THE E-MAIL.
Include a brief bio about yourself, max. 50 words.
Look for a reply from in your inbox to confirm receipt and to let you know if I will be posting it on the blog. If I do post your submission on the blog, I will categorize it under “Guest posts” with your bio and give you credit.
@GracieG I feel that. Deeply. We took out more life insurance on me just so my wife would be able to clear it and bury me in a pauper grave. 2 days ago
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